eeg emg electrodes  (A-M Systems)

Journal: Nature

Article Title: Adenosine signalling to astrocytes coordinates brain metabolism and function

doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07611-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Bilateral targeting of hippocampal astrocytes of Adora2b flox/flox mice to express iCre recombinase (A2BR-Astro-KD) or reporter protein (tdTomato; control). b , Schematic of the object recognition test. c , Summary data showing the time the animals spent exploring two identical objects (O1 and O2) during training and then one familiar (O1) and a new object (new) during testing. d , Calculated discrimination index as a measure of relative object preference, showing that A2BR deletion in hippocampal astrocytes impaired the recognition memory. e , Generation of mice with conditional deletion of A2BR in astrocytes. f , Summary data showing the discrimination index calculated for Adora2b flox/flox : Aldh1l1 Cre− and Adora2b flox/flox : \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$Aldh{1}l{{1}}^{Cre/ERT{{2}}^{+}}$$\end{document} A l d h 1 l 1 C r e / E R T 2 + mice treated with vehicle (oil) or tamoxifen. Deletion of A2BR in astrocytes impaired the recognition memory. g , Schematic of the EEG and EMG recording setup and representative EEG and EMG traces. h , Representative hypnograms obtained by 24 h of EEG recordings showing fragmentation of wake and NREM sleep during the light phase in mice with conditional deletion of A2BR in brain astrocytes. ZT, Zeitgeber time. Schematic in panel g was created using BioRender ( https://biorender.com ). i , A2BR deletion in astrocytes markedly decreased the slow-wave activity (0.5–4.0 Hz) and low-frequency slow-wave activity (0.5–1.5 Hz), indicative of a reduction in sleep pressure. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. # P = 0.010; P values indicated signify the differences between genotypes. j , Schematic illustrating the proposed mechanism that controls astrocyte glucose metabolism and provides metabolic support of neuronal activity. Potential sources of activity-dependent adenosine release are illustrated, including transporter-mediated release , , and extracellular breakdown of ATP released at synapses and by astrocytes . β-AR, β-adrenoceptor; G6P, glucose-6-phosphate. In panels c , d , f , i , the numbers in parentheses indicate the numbers of animals per experimental group. P values were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s post-hoc test ( c , d , f ) or two-way ANOVA ( i ).

Article Snippet: EEG and EMG electrode headmounts (Pinnacle Technology) were secured to the skull using stainless steel screws and silver epoxy was used for optimal electrical connectivity.

Techniques: Control, Activity Assay